{"id":740,"date":"2017-04-04T19:30:00","date_gmt":"2017-04-04T23:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.theadkx.org\/?p=740"},"modified":"2023-08-29T08:12:14","modified_gmt":"2023-08-29T12:12:14","slug":"timbucto-african-american-history-in-the-adirondacks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.theadkx.org\/fr\/timbuctoo-african-american-history-in-the-adirondacks\/","title":{"rendered":"Timbuctoo : L'histoire afro-am\u00e9ricaine dans les Adirondacks"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les montagnes des Adirondacks ont une histoire riche et des liens \u00e9tonnants avec les grands \u00e9v\u00e9nements nationaux. Certains seront peut-\u00eatre surpris d'apprendre que la nature sauvage des Adirondacks a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le important dans le chemin de fer clandestin et que le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre John Brown y a v\u00e9cu pendant un certain temps. Plus int\u00e9ressant encore, la petite ville de North Elba, dans l'\u00c9tat de New York, \u00e9tait le site d'une colonie exp\u00e9rimentale de Noirs libres \u00e9tablie gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la philanthropie de Gerrit Smith, un abolitionniste bien connu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Timbuctoo<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La colonie, que John Brown appelait Timbuctoo, \u00e9tait la r\u00e9ponse de Gerrit Smith au r\u00e9tablissement par le corps l\u00e9gislatif de l'\u00c9tat de New York d'une loi vieille de vingt et un ans qui refusait aux Noirs le droit de vote \u00e0 moins qu'ils ne poss\u00e8dent $250 de terres ou une maison. \u00c0 l'automne 1846, Smith a annonc\u00e9 son plan de colonisation, qui pr\u00e9voyait de doter trois mille b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires de parcelles de 40 acres de terre dans les Adirondacks. Bien que ces terres vierges ne valent pas $250, Smith pense qu'en les cultivant, elles pourraient atteindre cette valeur et, par cons\u00e9quent, donner aux Noirs le droit de vote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La majorit\u00e9 de ceux qui ont re\u00e7u des terres sont des citadins lettr\u00e9s, totalement novices en mati\u00e8re d'agriculture. Beaucoup de ces colons avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 cuisiniers, cochers ou barbiers, mais n'avaient jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 agriculteurs. Ce manque d'exp\u00e9rience rendait la terre difficile des Adirondacks encore plus difficile pour ces familles. Parmi ceux qui ont re\u00e7u des terres, tr\u00e8s peu ont pu rester et se tailler une vie sur leur parcelle. Les rapports de recensement de 1850 \u00e0 1870 montrent qu'il n'y avait que treize familles noires r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es \u00e0 North Elba et en 1871, ce nombre \u00e9tait tomb\u00e9 \u00e0 deux. La famille de Lyman Epps est la seule \u00e0 \u00eatre rest\u00e9e d\u00e9finitivement \u00e0 North Elba. Le dernier membre restant, Lyman Epps Jr, est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 en 1942.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L'un des facteurs contribuant au faible nombre de concessionnaires qui s'installent sur la terre est que relativement peu d'entre eux sont m\u00eame capables de se d\u00e9placer jusqu'\u00e0 Elbe du Nord. Bien que la terre qui leur a \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9e soit gratuite, les ressources n\u00e9cessaires pour la d\u00e9placer et la cultiver ne sont pas facilement disponibles. Bien que certains aient fait le d\u00e9placement, beaucoup ont trouv\u00e9 la vie dans la colonie trop difficile et ont d\u00e9m\u00e9nag\u00e9. Les quelques familles qui s'install\u00e8rent dans la r\u00e9gion le firent au prix d'un travail \u00e9reintant et purent d\u00e9fricher et cultiver la terre, ce qui leur assura le droit de vote. Malheureusement, si la concession de terres de Smith \u00e9tait r\u00e9volutionnaire, elle n'a pas pu aboutir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Brown<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les membres de la colonie de North Elba b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de l'aide de leur c\u00e9l\u00e8bre voisin John Brown. Apr\u00e8s s'\u00eatre entretenu avec Gerrit Smith, Brown ach\u00e8te des terres adjacentes \u00e0 Tombouctou afin d'enseigner aux nouveaux habitants comment cultiver leurs terres de mani\u00e8re productive. La plupart des colons \u00e9tant issus de milieux urbains, ils doivent apprendre \u00e0 d\u00e9fricher et \u00e0 cultiver efficacement les terres difficiles des Adirondacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brown installe toute sa famille \u00e0 North Elba en 1849. Cependant, ses int\u00e9r\u00eats commerciaux et son travail d'abolitionniste l'\u00e9loignent fr\u00e9quemment de la ferme. Sa famille reste sur la terre et, avec l'aide de Lyman Epps, construit une maison de ferme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Brown est connu pour son action militante en faveur de l'abolition, notamment le raid sur l'arsenal f\u00e9d\u00e9ral de Harper's Ferry en 1859. Il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement le chef d'une gu\u00e9rilla antiesclavagiste qui menait des attaques contre des villes pro-esclavagistes, et un \"conducteur\" du chemin de fer clandestin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brown est reconnu coupable de trahison pour sa participation au raid sur Harper's Ferry et est pendu le 2 d\u00e9cembre 1859 en Virginie. Son corps a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 ramen\u00e9 \u00e0 la ferme de sa famille \u00e0 North Elba, o\u00f9 il a \u00e9t\u00e9 enterr\u00e9 devant sa maison. En 1899, les restes de plusieurs de ceux qui ont combattu et sont morts \u00e0 Harper's Ferry ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9plac\u00e9s et enterr\u00e9s aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de leur chef \u00e0 North Elba. La ferme et la tombe de Brown sont d\u00e9sormais un site historique de l'\u00c9tat de New York qui attire des milliers de visiteurs chaque ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gerrit Smith<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si Gerrit Smith est surtout associ\u00e9 au mouvement pour l'abolition de l'esclavage, il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement un r\u00e9formateur passionn\u00e9 soutenant des causes telles que la r\u00e9forme des prisons, des terres et des v\u00eatements nationaux, le v\u00e9g\u00e9tarisme, l'ind\u00e9pendance de l'Irlande et le suffrage des femmes. Smith \u00e9tait un pacifiste, convaincu que l'opposition \u00e0 l'esclavage ne pouvait se faire que par des moyens pacifiques. Cependant, il existe des preuves que Smith a soutenu le raid de John Brown sur Harper's Ferry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De nombreuses gares du chemin de fer clandestin dans l'\u00c9tat de New York \u00e9taient situ\u00e9es sur des terres appartenant \u00e0 Gerrit Smith. Le projet de concession de terres de Gerrit Smith, Timbuctoo, \u00e9tait embl\u00e9matique de ses convictions agraires. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'un projet intrins\u00e8quement imparfait, la communaut\u00e9 exp\u00e9rimentale de North Elba repr\u00e9sentait une vision progressiste pour faire face aux injustices raciales de la politique de l'\u00c9tat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Photo ci-dessus : Vue de la commune de North Elba dans le comt\u00e9 d'Essex, o\u00f9 se trouvait la communaut\u00e9 noire disparue de Tombouctou. La photographie, prise par Seneca Ray Stoddard, montre les montagnes McIntyre et l'Indian Pass en regardant vers le sud depuis North Elba, vers 1875.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Adirondack Mountains have a rich history with astonishing ties to major national events. It may be a surprise to some that the wilderness of the Adirondacks played an important […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":9577,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-adirondack-journal"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTimbuctoo: African American History in the Adirondacks | Adirondack Experience<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theadkx.org\/fr\/timbucto-african-american-history-in-the-adirondacks\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Timbuctoo: African American History in the Adirondacks\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Adirondack Mountains have a rich history with astonishing ties to major national events. 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